Machiavelli Vs. Rousseau s The Prince - 1278 Words

Machiavelli vs. Rousseau In the era that both Machiavelli and Rousseau, the way that they were brought up had many similarities (e.g. the way they were governed), but it also became apparent that they had very diverse ways of thinking and analyzing many of the social problems that plagued their respective nations. At the time that Machiavelli was writing his prized piece, â€Å"The Prince†, Italy was under high scrutiny for engaging in various war to expand their nation; nonetheless, to make matters worse their kings both suddenly died and someone inexperienced came into power that ultimately forced Italy to give up its Northern estates. â€Å"The Prince† was not meant to be a piece that illustrates how a prince should behave, but instead it was more a blueprint for individuals to maintain their power for as long as they desired. In the meantime while Rousseau was crafting both of his publications, Discourse on the Origin and Foundation of Inequality Among Men The Soci al Contract, France was heading into a revolution that no one would have ever expected. Both Rousseau and Emmanuel Sieyes, a political theorist, came up with the general idea that men should be free and that power should be evenly distributed to form a better nation. But whose version on the way that society be governed is correct, Machiavelli or Rousseau? Machiavelli wanted a prince to be head of a power nation while Rousseau argued for a more governed society with equality being the main issue. Machiavelli’sShow MoreRelatedHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli The thirteenth through the eighteenth century brought profound changes in the political realm of Western civilization. Beginning with the Scientific Revolution and only advancing during the Renaissance, secularization and skepticism lead to changes in not only the intellectual life of Westerners, but also to their politics. At the forefront of the political debate were well-versed men such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. The influencesRead MoreA Review of Ethics Concepts Theories2669 Words   |  11 PagesConcepts Theories Educational Objectives: 1. Explain the type of problem that is addressed by philosophers. 2. Explain how ethical norms help address ethical issues that arise in accountancy. 3. Contrast the views of Mills, Machiavelli and Kant. 4. Describe what is meant by a social contract. 5. Analyze a given situation and tell why it would be appropriate or inappropriate to lie. 6. Explain the views of Kierkegaard and contrast him from other existentialistsRead MoreTrait, Skills, and Situational Leadership Approaches: a Comparative Examination7410 Words   |  30 PagesLuther, Rousseau, and Napoleon. Carlyle believed that these individuals shaped history through both their personal attributes and inspiration and felt that by examining the lives led by such heroes, one could uncover the true nature of leaders. More modern day â€Å"heroes† who may be considered under this theory are Abraham Lincoln, Mahandas Gandhi, and Winston Churchill. Although not considered to be as influential as Carlyle in the trait leadership theory realm, Nicoli Machiavelli (1469-1527)

The Warming Of The 21st Century Industrial Revolution

Something which has never before been seen is happening now. The Earth s atmosphere is warming more rapidly in the past 100 years than ever before. According to physicist Jennifer Burney (2013:54), the current warming trend being seen today has everything to do with the social and economic advances from the 19th century Industrial Revolution. During this time, fossil fuel use accelerated the changes we see today in agriculture, manufacturing, and power. For example, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas supply most of the energy needed to fuel the cars we drive, and generate electricity for industries and households. Unfortunately, the burning of these fossil fuels puts too much carbon dioxide into the air. This in turn, increases the number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere causing our climate to become hotter. With that being said, there is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Warming of the climate system is undisputable, and according to Dr. Michael Mann (2009:14), who holds joint positions in the Departments of Meteorology and Geosciences at Penn State, states that scientists are more than 90% positive that global warming is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. After rapid industrialization, the two primary causes of man-made global warming are the burning of fossil fuels andShow MoreRelatedCold Weather As We Know It1102 Words   |  5 Pagesscientific community is far from gold, it’s a treat to our very existent but yet we consume it every day. From filling up our cars, or even a bottle of water is made out of oil. Oil was locked under the earth crust for thousands years ago. As the industrial revolution took full affect, we demanded more of the substance, and release a deadly chemical called carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which then heats up the pla net. These effect can cause heat weave killing hundred of peoples, irregular season, andRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The World1336 Words   |  6 Pagestypically driven by coal, and propellants used to spray chemicals. The Industrial Revolution left an impact on the world far greater than just inventions and set forth a world of change. Although the Industrial Revolution brought many great devices in to the world, it also could have caused the accelerated climate change and warming that we saw throughout the 21st century. In fact, over the 900 years before the Industrial Revolution began, the average world temperature was in decline and the 1990sRead MoreThe Biological Old Regime Occurred Between The 15th And 18th Centuries1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe biological old regime occurred between the 15th and 18th centuries. During this time, everything was completed by hand. Growing food and making clothes could not be processed with a machine. Available sources depend ed highly on the climate. For example, climate determined how many people could be supported by agriculture. A shift in society occurred during the 19th century. This marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Although things became easier, it also negatively affected the ecosystemRead MoreNatural Disasters During The Industrial Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pagesrebuild. Most natural disasters are major adverse events that occur as a result of human interference and natural processes of the earth. Industrial revolution: As we have developed as a species so has our impact on the natural world. This is evident in the rise of natural disasters since the industrial revolution. By the end of the industrial revolution the number of natural disasters had almost doubled. This could be down to the fact that there was an extensive increase in the amount of carbonRead MoreThe Causes Of Global Warming Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pages Global warming has been for decades the center of discussion between intergovernmental agencies and world leaders, each forum aiming to discuss the causes of the global warming. Scientists have been in the front lie to figure out the causes of the global warming. The hurdles and the efforts to discern the causes of the global warming are to learn ways to counter the causes so as to prevent the earth from vanquishing in the detrimental effects of the global warming. Additionally, the effort to learnRead MoreGlobal Climate Change and Human Activity Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesact ivities that are done affect the global climate that the natural causes which has led to global warming in the atmosphere (Oxlade, 2003). The human activities that are undertaken such as burning of fossils release some greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, Methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is created in our atmosphere. When the suns energy heats up the Earth by warming it, our planet radiates some of this heat that was heating the surface back out towards the outerRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming875 Words   |  4 Pagespatterns since the mid-century (NASA 2014). The warming of global climate systems is undisputable supported by unprecedented observations, based upon direct measurements and remote sensing from satellites and other platforms (IPCC 2013, pg.2). The IPCC (2013) outlines climate change as â€Å"a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere†. Global warming first became evident during the 19th century when it became evidentRead MoreIndustrial Pollution Has Impacted The Environment1078 Words   |  5 Pages Since the Industrial Revolutions, humans have progressed far into the 21st century beyond what our forefathers could ever imagine. With the development of new technology and the advancement of science, the age of manufacturing was born. Since then, industries have grown exponentially, expanding all over the world. Throughout this revolutionary venture, there was something that was completely overlooked until the late 1800s in America. That was industrial waste (http://www.deq.state.ok.us/lpdnew/wastehistory/wastehistoryRead MoreRogerian Argument Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesthat people trivialized the most is: Global warming. Increasingly, subject to concern not only via online discussion, magazine and article but also part of the agenda at the Whitehouse, â€Å"We can’t have an energy strategy for the l ast century that traps us in the past. We need an energy strategy for the future – an all-of-the-above strategy for the 21st century that develops every source of American-made energy,† said, President Barack Obama. Is global warming a major concern when the world is economicallyRead MoreHuman Behavior and Activities Responsible for Global Climatic Changes1677 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious statistics that there has been a significant change in the global climate. The end of the 20th and the 21st century have witnessed some of the warmest periods of the globe. The temperature recorded during this period was reported to be highest when compared with the instrumental temperature records. The evident shifts in the Global climate started in the mid of the 19th century and after that the global climate kept on getting worse with the passage of time. (Unknown, 2007) Human behavior

MS Powerpoin Free Essays

(1) I needed scaffolded help when I was learning MS Powerpoint for the first time. My teacher taught the function of each command icon and how to use animation for the presentation. I understood what needed to be done and the concepts behind it as my teacher demonstrated how to do it. We will write a custom essay sample on MS Powerpoin or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the discussion, he asked us to make our own presentation. I was able to make text boxes and color the texts, but I needed more help in using animating effects for the presentation. So my teacher guided me by demonstrating again how to do it. In the end, I was able to memorize the different functions of the commands available in MS Powerpoint and get used to the environment of the software. (2) Scaffolding offers a number of advantages. First, it provides clear directions as the instructor assists the student in the learning process. It also clarifies the purpose of the lesson and the importance of learning it, which keeps the student motivated. It also offers assessment to determine whether the learner is on the right track, which reduces uncertainty, surprise, and disappointment of both the instructor and the learner. This is especially useful for students with low self-esteem and learning disabilities. It allows the teacher to give positive feedback on their achievement. This could also minimize the level of frustration for the learner and the instructor. In addition, scaffolding keeps the learner engaged in the lesson or task (Van Der Stuyf, 2002). Although it offers many advantages, scaffolding has a number of disadvantages as well. As scaffolding is individualized, it could be extremely time-consuming and its implementation in a large class would be challenging. The implementation of scaffolding may also require a teacher to be properly trained for it to be effective. In scaffolding, the teacher needs to give up some of the control and allow the students to commit errors, which could be difficult for the teacher. However, despite the disadvantages, the positive impact of scaffolding on learning and development is very apparent (Van Der Stuyf, 2002). How to cite MS Powerpoin, Papers

A Report on Leadership Reflection

Questions: Evaluate how theories of leadership have developed and judge their relevance for leadership today. Task 1 The completion of a three hours group activity set in the university centre as directed by your tutor. A reflective learning log will also be completed and submitted as an attachment to your assignment. The reflective learning log will be composed of your own observations and activities, where you have observed or experienced leadership. (A Performa will be supplied or students can create their own). Task 2 Using your learning log from task one, undertake a reflective analysis and critically appraise leadership evidenced from you own observations and experiences, linking in with your use appropriate contemporary theory to support your discussion. Answers: Task 1: Activity 1 Magic Stick activity Introduction This activity was undertaken by five people where they were instructed about manoeuvring the stick down to the floor by simply using two fingers. Since it is a joint undertaking of five people, the leadership style that would best fit into this activity is participative style. Here, input and efforts of every team member would be valued and used by the leader to make serious decisions. Activity outcome Initially the activity was undertaken by the team members without the presence of any team leader. The activity was being performed in an improper manner and not in the right direction. Here, Belbins theory could have been used that suggests no individual is in fact perfect, but a team which he is a member to can be a perfect one with mutual understanding. However, there was no specific leadership style followed by the members and the presence of an effective leader lacks completely. Participative style leadership that lacked within the team involves every member to participate in the process and their opinions would enable the leader to take effective decisions on behalf of the team members. This style encourages member morale greatly and all jointly strives to meet the challenges of the team. Conclusion If there was an effective leader since the very beginning, then the activity would have attained success. This led to its delay in completion. The activity is said to have failed due to the lack of a participative leadership style. The members were not encouraged adequately to meet the existing challenges of the group activities. Activity 2 Midget gem tower activity Introduction The activity required three members to participate in the activity of building a tall tower with midget gems and tooth picks. The group building the tallest tower would be considered the winner. In this case, situational leadership theory of Hersey-Blanchard would be of immense help. Activity outcome During the activity undertaken by three members, one of the team members in the specific group pursued a democratic style approach but in a less intense manner. The democratic leaders usually make final decisions but also involve efforts from the team members. The team members have higher creativity and job satisfaction at the end of increased productivity. The leadership model that the activities can be based upon is the situational leadership model of Hersey Blanchard. This theory suggests the use of various leadership styles based upon the maturity essence of the team members. The member who is immature must be given a more direct approach, and those with experience must be imparted with more delegating style. Conclusion The member as specified in the group should have taken a more democratic style with increased involvement of team members and not just delegating instructions. This would have been more encouraging for all team members. Activity 3 Building a bridge Introduction The three group members united to build a bridge with newspapers, cello tape, DVD cases and solid objects. The group with innovative design and increased strength would be the winner. The transactional leadership style has been implemented during the group activity. Activity outcome The activity taught the members that they are nothing but servant leaders who create value for the community by intentionally as well as consciously providing back to the community for community services. The three members who were engaged in the activity were made to implement transactional style of leadership. A team leader assigns tasks to team members and at the end of the process either rewards or punishes the members as per their performance results. This style of leadership ensures pre-determination of goals and the members are required to follow these along with the direction of the leader to accomplish overall goals. Conclusion From the activity, it may be concluded that any group activity may be undertaken only with the cooperation of the team members. Here in this case also, the group activity succeeded due to the effective implementation of transactional leadership style. The members were motivated adequately to achieve the pre-determined goals of the leader. Activity 4 Sinking Ship leadership activity Introduction During this activity, five team members were engaged and they were provided a situation to analyze. The members were required to think upon the issue and make appropriate decisions. The group with most effective solution and recommendation in the shortest time period would be the winner. Since it is a joint undertaking of five people, the leadership style that would best fit into this activity is participative style. Activity outcome The activity led to some learning sessions like brainstorming and exhibiting skills and competencies. Each group exhibited different leadership styles. Some reflected autocratic leadership where a leader made a decision without engaging any of his team members. This is quite discouraging for other members. Democratic leaders engage team members in the decision making process but themselves make the final decision. One of the groups that exhibited laissez faire leadership style was the winner. Participative style leadership that lacked within the team involves every member to participate in the process and their opinions would enable the leader to take effective decisions on behalf of the team members. Conclusion The most appreciated form of leadership style is the laissez-faire style that allows enough freedom to the team members to do their work and set own deadlines. The leaders provide every support to the members and hardly interfere with the team decisions. The Lewins model is useful as it encourages leaders to be less autocratic. Learning Log What did I do? In accomplishing the assignment, I had to undertake the study of various leadership theories and models. I perceived models as trials to functionalize increased theoretical leadership aspects and render them convenience to be used by consultants and organization. I had to highlight upon some of the theories like trait theory, skills theory, situational theory, contingency theory, path-goal theory, transformational theory, transactional theory, servant leadership theory, etc. I strongly agree to the acquired learning that the real test of leadership would be depicted by assessing the ability of a leader to gain his followers (Northouse, 2007). I have learnt that a leader can impart vision to his followers but what is more important is the need to convince others and not just tell them what is vital and what not. Trait theory Trait theory refers to the integrated style of personal attributes which reflect a varied range of differences of individuals as well as foster leadership effectiveness across different organizational situations. Situational theory Situational leadership refers to the type of leadership that reflects upon specific situations within organizational management. This is in fact a part of contingency leadership theory. How do I think/feel about this? I felt I came across many such important knowledge and assumptions about an effective leader and how a leader may bring about some positive changes around the organizational environment. I have learnt that leadership is not possible in reality without positive followership, whereby a leader motivates his members completely to accomplish the desired organizational goals. I feel to have acquired adequate level of knowledge related to the topic. I opine that any effective leader basically satisfies two areas key personality and that of experienced or acknowledged. How well (or badly) did it go? The study about the leadership concept went quite good and as planned. The progress of the assignment was aligned to its pre-determination of key steps to be undertaken. The leadership theories and concepts were thoroughly highlighted and reflected upon with their practical application in the real world and environment. After completion, the outcomes were contrasted with the desired goals. This reflected that the experience went really good as expected(Zamer and Scheiner, 2014). What did I learn? I learn that leadership is not to be learnt but rather the quality needs to be developed from within from the very basic stage. A firm can adopt any style of leadership at a given time based on the demand of the situation. There is no specific leadership style for all organizations. I have learnt that a leader can impart vision to his followers but what is more important is the need to convince others and not just tell them what is vital and what not. Situational leadership theory suggests that a leader may make the most suitable choice of option depending upon the situational variable (Rafferty and Griffin, 2004). What will I do differently next time? Next time when I undertake any role of a leader, I would ensure that I keep some important learning in mind. As a leader I need to ensure that I make efforts to develop and maintain my followers as followership is the most important requisite for any leader (Pinnington, 2011). Next time, while guiding my members I would ensure that they are encouraged thorough to participate in various accomplishments of task. Participative theory states that a specific style would be most effective when a leader takes every input of others into account. I would also ensure that my members are made to participate in the decision-making process under my guidance. I would attempt to inculcate values within the group so that the members are positively reinforced to take up challenges (Northouse, 2007). What have I achieved? Undertaking of the assignment imparted me the learning that it is not enough just to possess great ideas or creativity. It is more important for a leader to know all tactics of developing and maintaining followership and guide them in the positive direction to realize accomplishments of goals. I have acquired the learning that though my position as a manager or supervisor imparts me the authority to undertake tasks and organizational objectives, this power is not enough to allow me to be a good leader (Owen, 2012). Thus, I get assigned leadership by virtue of my position, and I display emergent leadership by impacting followers to achieve great accomplishments. What have I learn about myself? About myself I have learnt that I need to have an honest understanding of myself, my learning and knowledge, and what I am capable of doing. It is the followers of a leader and not the leader himself who decides about the success of a leader (Mortimer, 2002). If my followers fail to trust or lack confidence in me, they would not be inspired properly. To achieve success, I need to be successful at convincing my followers. I need to possess the fundamental requisite to have a proper understanding of human nature like their needs, emotions, values, and motivation. I personally gained the knowledge of the following leadership styles: Contingency theory These are a group of behavioural theory which state the absence of one specific style of leadership style. It also states that some leadership styles are effective at certain situations while others at other different situations. Path goal theory It is referred to as a process whereby leaders choose specific aspects of behaviours which are best suited to organizational employees within work environment. How have I put any theory into practice? On undertaking the study about leadership, many theories have been evaluated by me. I gained ample information about authentic leadership theory, complexity leadership theory, transactional, and shared leadership theory (Ledesma, 2014). Authentic leadership model focused that leadership is developed when individuals capably observe effective patterns of authentic leader behaviour which motivates open share of information. This imparted me with the idea of authenticity as well as integrity in developing key leadership behaviours. It is also learnt that constructive behaviours must be continuously observed, acknowledged and evaluated through cross-functional levels (Rockwell and Bajaj, 2010). How does what I have been doing lead to me becoming better at a skill? I have learnt that effective leaders are not born, but rather made. If I have that desire as well as willpower, I can become an effective leader. Effective leader develops through a constant process of self-dedication, learning, training, and experiences(Hart, Klosky and Katalenich, 2014). The learning has enabled me to improve my personal skills as a leader in a way that I ensure to inspire my members in high levels of teamwork. Accomplishments in this field are not possible without constant perseverance and study. I need to undertake continuous study and enhance my leadership skills with potential effort, practice, and experience. I learned about the importance of contingency leadership whereby I need to exhibit my leadership qualities as per the situational demands. How can I use this to plan for the future? As leadership is learnt and acquired, the skills as well as knowledge that are processed by an effective leader may be influenced by his attributes like values, beliefs, character and ethics. These contribute directly towards the leadership process, while other traits impart a leader with key characteristics that impart uniqueness to the leaders (Fawcett, 2013). From my learning that every situation would be different, I agree that different situations demand different solutions. I need to use my own judgment for deciding the best action course as well as leadership style as required by a specific situation. Task 2: From the learning log of task 1 based on leadership concepts as given above, I feel to have acquired adequate level of knowledge related to the topic. I opine that any effective leader basically satisfies two areas key personality and that of experienced or acknowledged. I learn that leadership is not to be learnt but rather the quality needs to be developed from within from the very basic stage (Blomme, Kodden and Beasley-Suffolk, 2015). The leadership model that the activities were based upon are the situational leadership model of Hersey Blanchard, participative theory that states that a specific style would be most effective when a leader takes every input of others into account. The three members who were engaged in the activity were made to implement transactional style of leadership. A team leader assigns tasks to team members and at the end of the process either rewards or punishes the members as per their performance results. I have learnt that a leader can impart vision to his followers but what is more important is the need to convince others and not just tell them what is vital and what not. The followership concept highlighted that I may acquire effective ideas, determination and charisma, but all these would be meaningless if I lack the quality of followership(Bullough and de Luque, 2014). While I was undertaking the assignment based on leadership concepts, I came across many such important knowledge and assumptions about an effective leader and how a leader may bring about some positive changes around the organizational environment. I have learnt that leadership is not possible in reality without positive followership, whereby a leader motivates his members completely to accomplish the desired organizational goals (Northouse, 2007). Some important aspects that resonated with me throughout are authentic leadership, followership, and ethics in leadership. I have learnt it clearly that a leader who has all the qualities can surely bring about big changes within the organization that would be positive and beneficial for all the associated members. I thoroughly agree to the learning that innovative leadership needs to embody authenticity to express values and also embrace the followers as well as ethical decisions would be based on creative thinking and not upon short-term results (Einarsen, Aasland and Skogstad, 2007). A firm can adopt any style of leadership at a given time based on the demand of the situation. There is no specific leadership style for all organizations. In future, if I get an opportunity to practice leadership attributes, I would first consider the environment I am working under. I strongly agree to the acquired learning that the real test of leadership would be depicted by assessing the ability of a leader to gain his followers. Undertaking of the assignment imparted me the learning that it is not enough just to possess great ideas or creativity. It is more important for a leader to know all tactics of developing and maintaining followership and guide them in the positive direction to realize accomplishments of goals. When I would be practicing leadership, I would try my best to stick to my own values and encourage my members to beat against all odds. References Blomme, R., Kodden, B. and Beasley-Suffolk, A. (2015). Leadership theories and the concept of work engagement: Creating a conceptual framework for management implications and research.Journal of Management Organization, 21(02), pp.125-144. Bullough, A. and de Luque, M. (2014). Women's participation in entrepreneurial and political leadership: The importance of culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories.Leadership, 11(1), pp.36-56. Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. and Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model.The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), pp.207-216. Fawcett, J. (2013). Thoughts About Conceptual Models, Theories, and Literature Reviews.Nursing Science Quarterly, 26(3), pp.285-288. Hart, S., Klosky, J. and Katalenich, S. (2014). Conceptual Models for Infrastructure Leadership.J. Manage. Eng., 30(3), p.04014003. Ledesma, J. (2014). Conceptual Frameworks and Research Models on Resilience in Leadership.SAGE Open, 4(3). Mortimer, K. (2002). Integrating advertising theories with conceptual models of services advertising.Journal of Services Marketing, 16(5), pp.460-468. Owen, J. (2012). Using Student Development Theories as Conceptual Frameworks in Leadership Education.New Directions for Student Services, 2012(140), pp.17-35. Pinnington, A. (2011). Leadership development: Applying the same leadership theories and development practices to different contexts?.Leadership, 7(3), pp.335-365. Rafferty, A. and Griffin, M. (2004). Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions.The Leadership Quarterly, 15(3), pp.329-354. Rockwell, S. and Bajaj, A. (2010). Applying Cognitive Theories to Evaluate Conceptual Models in Systems Analysis.Journal of Information Technology Research, 3(1), pp.55-72. Zamer, W. and Scheiner, S. (2014). A Conceptual Framework for Organismal Biology: Linking Theories, Models, and Data.Integrative and Comparative Biology, 54(5), pp.736-756.